Keywords
Statistical analysis
Traffic stops analysis
Social issues
How to Cite
Abstract
Data Science is one of the fastest growing interdisciplinary field and has many applications in various disciplines.The actual motivation of data science came from John Tukey. In his seminal paper, in 1962, he presented the idea of
data analysis which is now the field of data science. Several algorithms for data science related to statistical
analysis have been developed and applied over variety of datasets since 1962. In this field, the significant
development began with the aid of high performance computers that help to analyse a massive datasets. In this paper,
we study the statistical analysis of the traffic stops in Nashville, Tennessee, USA for the year 2011--2021.
Data is taken from the Stanford open policing project. Analysis is based on total number of 3071706 traffic stops.
In this paper, we consider and investigate various aspects. This study comprises gender comparison (male vs female)
and race comparison (black vs white) for different traffic offences. Complete findings and possible gaps are discussed
in the conclusion.
References
Van Der Aalst, W.: Data Science in Action, pp. 3–23. Springer, London (2016)
Provost, F., Fawcett, T.: Data Science for Business: What You Need to Know About Data Mining and Data-Analytic Thinking. O’Reilly Media, Inc., Sebastopol (2013)
Peyr´e, G., Cuturi, M., et al.: Computational optimal transport: With applications to data science. Foundations and Trends@ in Machine Learning 11(5-6), 355–607 (2019)
Tukey, J.W.: The future of data analysis. The annals of mathematical statistics 33(1), 1–67 (1962)
Tukey, J.W.: Available online. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data science
McCabe, J.E., Kaminski, R.J., Boehme, H.M.: Racial profiling and ct motor vehicle stops: an observational study in three towns. Police Practice and Research 22(6), 1567–1584 (2021)
Scheb, J.M., Lyons, W., Wagers, K.A.: Race, gender, and age discrep- ancies in police motor vehicle stops in Knoxville, Tennessee: evidence of racially biased policing? Police Practice and Research: An International Journal 10(1), 75–87 (2009)
Renauer, B.C.: Neighborhood variation in police stops and searches: A test of consensus and conflict perspectives. Police quarterly 15(3), 219–240 (2012)
Gray, J., Shenoy, P.: Rules of thumb in data engineering. In: Proceedings of 16th International Conference on Data Engineering (Cat. No. 00CB37073), pp. 3–10 (2000). IEEE
Birnholtz, J.P., Bietz, M.J.: Data at work: supporting sharing in science and engineering. In: Proceedings of the 2003 International ACM SIGGROUP Conference on Supporting Group Work, pp. 339–348 (2003)
Tan, P.-N., Steinbach, M., Kumar, V.: Introduction to Data Mining. Pearson Education India, Noida (2016)
Grossman, R.L., Kamath, C., Kegelmeyer, P., Kumar, V., Namburu, R.: Data Mining for Scientific and Engineering Applications vol. 2. Springer, Dordrecht (2013)
Eckerson, W.W.: Predictive analytics. Extending the Value of Your Data Warehousing Investment. TDWI Best Practices Report 1, 1–36 (2007)
Waller, M.A., Fawcett, S.E.: Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: a revolution that will transform supply chain design and management. Wiley Online Library (2013)
Jordan, M.I., Mitchell, T.M.: Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science 349(6245), 255–260 (2015)
Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., Courville, A.: Machine learning basics. Deep learning 1(7), 98–164 (2016)
Murtagh, F., Starck, J.-L.: Image processing through multiscale analysis and measurement noise modeling. Statistics and Computing 10(2), 95–103 (2000)
Hill, D.L., Batchelor, P.G., Holden, M., Hawkes, D.J.: Medical image registration. Physics in medicine & biology 46(3), 1 (2001)
Tufail, M.Y.: Image registration under conformal diffeomorphisms: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in mathematics at massey university, palmerston north, New Zealand. PhD thesis, Massey University (2017)
Marsland, S., McLachlan, R., Tufail, M.: Conformal image registration based on constrained optimization. The ANZIAM Journal 62(3), 235–255 (2020)
Chen, C.-h., H¨ardle, W.K., Unwin, A.: Handbook of Data Visualization. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg (2007)
Waskom, M.L.: Seaborn: statistical data visualization. Journal of Open Source Software 6(60), 3021 (2021)
Stedman, C.: Available online. https://searchenterpriseai.techtarget.com/ definition/data-science
Hilbe, J.M.: A review of stata 9. 0. The American Statistician 59(4), 335–348 (2005)
Rzide-Gothenburg, L.: Statistics and the computer. ICOTS, 435–439 (1990)
Lunn, D.: Computer animation: A powerful way of teaching concept of probability and statistics. In: Teaching of Statistics in the Computer Age. Proceedings of the 6th ISI Round Table Conference on Teaching of Statistics, Chartwell Bratt Ltd., Bromley, pp. 114–125 (1985)
Diaconis, P., Efron, B.: Computer-intensive methods in statistics. Scien- tific American 248(5), 116–131 (1983)
Zammit-Mangion, A., Rougier, J.: Multi-scale process modelling and dis- tributed computation for spatial data. Statistics and Computing 30(6), 1609–1627 (2020)
Kuttikkad, S., Chellappa, R.: Statistical modeling and analysis of high- resolution synthetic aperture radar images. Statistics and Computing 10(2), 133–145 (2000)
Schouten, B., Cigrang, M.: Remote access systems for statistical analysis of microdata. Statistics and Computing 13(4), 381–389 (2003)
Rafanelli, M.: Aggregate statistical data: models for their representation. Statistics and Computing 5(1), 3–24 (1995)
Takai, K.: Incomplete-data fisher scoring method with steplength adjustment. Statistics and Computing 30(4), 871–886 (2020)
Lyu, J., Gunasekaran, A.: Statistical analysis of a portable parallel non- linear programming algorithm. Statistics and Computing 4(4), 253–258 (1994)
Pierson, E., Simoiu, C., Overgoor, J., Corbett-Davies, S., Jenson, D., Shoemaker, A., Ramachandran, V., Barghouty, P., Phillips, C., Shroff, R., et al.: A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the united states. Nature human behaviour 4(7), 736–745 (2020)
Davis, E., Whyde, A., Langton, L.: Contacts between police and the pub- lic, 2015. US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, 1–33 (2018)
Langton, L., Durose, M.R., et al.: Police Behavior During Traffic and Street Stops, 2011. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice , USA (2013)